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Import work from year 2014-2015
2017-06-16 06:48:07 +00:00
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<title>Projets Python</title>
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<h1 id="Projets-Python">Projets Python<a class="anchor-link" href="#Projets-Python">&#182;</a></h1><p>Dans ce cours autour de la programmation Python et de l'algorithmie, nous verons beaucoup de petits morceaux de programmes.</p>
<p>Il est vivement recommander de ne pas faire <strong>que</strong> les questions poser mais aussi d'<strong>expérimenter</strong> par soi même.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Introduction-Python">Introduction à Python</a></li>
<li><a href="#G&#233;n&#233;rateur-d'excuses">Générateur d'excuses</a></li>
<li><a href="#Magic-8-ball">Magic 8 ball</a></li>
<li><a href="#Deviner-un-nombre">Deviner un nombre</a></li>
<li><a href="#Pierre-Feuille-Ciseau">Pierre feuille ciseau</a></li>
<li><a href="#Deviner-un-nombre">Deviner un nombre (améliorations)</a></li>
<li><a href="#Generateur-de-simleys">Generateur de Smiley</a></li>
<li><a href="#Chiffrement-de-Cesar">Chiffrement de Cesar</a></li>
<li><a href="#Polynome-du-2nd-degre">Polynome du 2nd degré</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<p>Notions de programmation</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#input">input</a></li>
<li><a href="#Condition-if">Les conditions if</a></li>
<li><a href="#Boucles-for">Les boucles for</a></li>
<li><a href="#Boucles-while">Les boucles while</a></li>
<li><a href="#Fonction">Les fonctions</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<p>Ressouces Python</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://openclassrooms.com/courses/apprenez-a-programmer-en-python">site du zero</a> (cours en ligne)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.codecademy.com/">codeacademy</a> (cours en ligne)</li>
<li><a href="http://codecombat.com">code conbat</a> (jeu en ligne qui se joue en codant)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.checkio.org/">checkio</a> (jeu en ligne - anglais - avec beaucoup de langage différents)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<h2 id="Introduction-Python">Introduction Python<a class="anchor-link" href="#Introduction-Python">&#182;</a></h2><p>Dans les encadrés, on peut lancer des commandes Python et écrire des petits programmes.</p>
<p>La touche <strong>F5</strong> ou l'icône en triangle vert permet d'executer tout le programme écrit dans la partie de droite.</p>
</div>
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<div class="cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered">
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<div class="prompt input_prompt">In&nbsp;[59]:</div>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;Bonjour&quot;</span>
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<pre>Bonjour
</pre>
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<ul>
<li>Modifier la commande précédente pour qu'elle n'affiche plus bonjour mais votre nom puis executer cette commande.</li>
</ul>
<p>Il est possible d'afficher plusieurs messages:</p>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered">
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<div class="prompt input_prompt">In&nbsp;[2]:</div>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;bonjour&quot;</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&#39;monde&#39;</span>
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<pre>bonjour
monde
</pre>
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<ul>
<li><p>Modifier le programme précédent pour qu'il affiche:</p>
<p>Bonjour</p>
<p>tous</p>
<p>le</p>
<p>monde</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Quand une ligne commence par un #, Python ne la lit pas. On appelle cela des commentaires. Nous les utiliserons pour expliquer ce que l'on fait.</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># la commande suivante affiche Bonjour</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;bonjour&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Quand on veut afficher quelque chose, on utilisera la commande print()</span>
</pre></div>
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<pre>bonjour
</pre>
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<h2 id="Les-variables">Les variables<a class="anchor-link" href="#Les-variables">&#182;</a></h2><p>Les variables sont des <em>enveloppes</em> où l'on stockera des nombres, des mots, des phrases ou des choses plus compliqués.</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">un_nombre</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span>
</pre></div>
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<p>Ainsi dans <em>l'enveloppe</em> appelée <strong>un_nombre</strong> on y met le nombre 10.</p>
<p>C'est ce que l'on appelle <strong>assigner</strong> une <strong>valeur</strong> à une variable ou <strong>stocker</strong> une valeur dans une variable.</p>
</div>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">un_nombre</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">un_nombre</span>
</pre></div>
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<pre>10
</pre>
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<ul>
<li>Modifier le programme précédent pour stocker 2 dans <strong>un_nombre</strong> puis l'afficher.</li>
</ul>
<p>Pour stocker des mots ou des phrases, il faut les mettre entre guillemets</p>
</div>
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<div class="cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered">
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<div class="prompt input_prompt">In&nbsp;[6]:</div>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">un_mot</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Coucou&quot;</span>
<span class="n">une_phrase</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;ceci est une phrase&quot;</span>
</pre></div>
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<ul>
<li>Modifier le programme précédent pour changer le contenu des variables puis ajouter deux lignes pour afficher ce que contiennent ces variables (avec la commande <code>print</code>).</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<h2 id="G&#233;n&#233;rateur-d'excuses">G&#233;n&#233;rateur d'excuses<a class="anchor-link" href="#G&#233;n&#233;rateur-d'excuses">&#182;</a></h2><p>Quand Loïc fait des bétises, il se fait souvent prendre et doit trouver une excuse le plus rapidement possible. Aidons le en créant un programme qui créé des excuses sur commande.</p>
<p>Ces excuses auront le modèle suivant</p>
<pre><code>C'est pas moi! C'est (Bob).
Il a (mangé) une (grenouille) (volante). Alors que moi j'étais tranquillement en train de (faire) un (super) (exercice de math).
Je suis innocent (monsieur)!
</code></pre>
<p>Les nombres entre parenthèses seront remplacé par des mots choisis par l'utilisateur de ce générateur.</p>
<p>Pour écrire du texte avec une variable, il faut séparer les parties par une virgule:</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">age</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">14</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;J&#39;ai &quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">age</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;ans&quot;</span>
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<pre>J&apos;ai 14 ans
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<li>Modifier les lignes précédentes pour se présenter <strong>Bonjour, je m'appelle (Bob)</strong>.</li>
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<p>Pour demander quelque chose à l'utilisateur, on utilise la fonction <code>input</code></p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">coupable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Nom du coupable (masculin)? &quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;C&#39;est pas moi! C&#39;est &quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coupable</span>
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<pre>Nom du coupable (masculin)? &quot;Marc&quot;
C&apos;est pas moi! C&apos;est Marc
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<li>Finir d'écrire le programme qui permettra de générer une excuse</li>
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<h2 id="Magic-8-ball">Magic 8 ball<a class="anchor-link" href="#Magic-8-ball">&#182;</a></h2><p>Pour ceux qui ne connaissent pas un Magic 8 ball est un boule magique qui répond à toutes les questions (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gaQwIrBNPw">vidéo</a>).</p>
<p>Même si je ne voudrai pas gacher votre âme d'enfant, cette boule magique répond au hasard... Pour gérer le hasard en Python, on utilise <strong>random</strong>. Il faut donc placer la ligne suivante au début du fichier à chaque fois que l'on veut faire quelque chose au hasard.</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">random</span>
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<p>Nous allons mettre toutes les réponses possibles dans une liste</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">reponses</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;reponse 1&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;reponse 2&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;reponse 3&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>
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<p>Et Python choisira une réponse au hasard</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">choice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">reponses</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>&apos;reponse 3&apos;</pre>
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<li>En réutilisant la fonction <strong>input</strong> vue précédement, écrire un programme qui propose de poser une question et qui lui apporte une réponse!</li>
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<h2 id="Deviner-un-nombre">Deviner un nombre<a class="anchor-link" href="#Deviner-un-nombre">&#182;</a></h2><p>Nous allons maintenant écrire un programme qui va chercher à faire deviner à l'utilisateur un nombre choisi aléatoirement par Python.</p>
<p>Pour faire choisir un nombre entier à Python, on utilise la fonction <code>randint(min,max)</code> (<code>randint</code> signifie random integer = entier aléatoire)</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">nbr_aleatoire</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">nbr_aleatoire</span>
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<pre>5
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<p>Faites executer plusieurs fois cette commande pour remarquer qu'elle ne retourne pas toujours le même résultat.</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Completer votre programme pour demander une réponse à l'utilisateur <em>(utilisez <code>int(input("question"))</code> plutôt que <code>input("question")</code> pour que la réponse soit transformée en entier)</em></p>
</li>
<li><p>Regarder la section sur <a href="#Condition-if">Condition if</a> pour adapter l'exemple et savoir lequel du nombre choisi par l'ordinateur ou de l'utilisateur est le plus grand.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Écrire le programme final qui fait choisir un nombre à l'ordinateur, qui demande un nombre à l'utilisateur puis qui dit si le nombre donné par l'utilisateur est plus grand ou plus petit.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Pour améliorer notre programme, il faudrait que l'utilisateur puisse rententer de deviner le nombre. Regardez la section <a href="#Boucle-while">Boucle while</a> pour améliorer votre programme.</p>
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<h2 id="Pierre-Feuille-Ciseau">Pierre Feuille Ciseau<a class="anchor-link" href="#Pierre-Feuille-Ciseau">&#182;</a></h2><p>Vous devez connaître le jeu Pierre-Feuille-Ciseau. Deux adversaires s'affrontent choissicent en même temps Pierre, Feuille ou Ciseau.</p>
<p>Pierre gagne contre ciseau qui gagne contre feuille qui gagne contre pierre...</p>
<p>Nous allons écrire un jeu qui fera s'affronter l'utilisateur contre l'ordinateur.</p>
<h3 id="Choix-du-joueur-et-choix-de-l'ordinateur">Choix du joueur et choix de l'ordinateur<a class="anchor-link" href="#Choix-du-joueur-et-choix-de-l'ordinateur">&#182;</a></h3><ul>
<li>Écrire un programme qui demande le choix de l'utilisateur</li>
<li>Completer ce programme pour que l'ordinateur choisisse parmi les 3 choix</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="Comparaison-des-r&#233;sultats">Comparaison des r&#233;sultats<a class="anchor-link" href="#Comparaison-des-r&#233;sultats">&#182;</a></h3><ul>
<li>En utilisant les <a href="#Condition-if">conditions if</a> comparer les deux choix pour determiner qui est le vaincueur.</li>
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<h2 id="Deviner-un-nombre-(am&#233;lioration)">Deviner un nombre (am&#233;lioration)<a class="anchor-link" href="#Deviner-un-nombre-(am&#233;lioration)">&#182;</a></h2><p>Reprenez votre programme qui fait deviner à l'utilisateur un nombre choisi par l'ordinateur. Le soucis de ce programme est que nous n'avons qu'un essai ce qui n'est pas très pratique pour trouver le nombre...</p>
<p>Nous allons améliorer ce programme laisser plus de chance à l'utilisateur. Pour cela nous allons faire une boucle <code>while</code> (tant que en français).</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">11</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c">#tant que a est plus petit que 20</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;un tour&quot;</span>
<span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;Fini! Et a vaut &quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span>
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<pre>un tour
un tour
un tour
un tour
un tour
un tour
un tour
un tour
un tour
Fini! Et a vaut 20
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<p>On peut aussi créer une variable <code>aPasTrouve = True</code> (True en anglais signifie vrai) et dès que l'utilisateur a trouvé la bonne valeur, on change <code>aPasTrouve = False</code> (False en anglais signifie faux).</p>
<ul>
<li>Écrire cette amélioration du programme.</li>
<li>Améliorer votre programme, en comptant le nombre de tentatives.</li>
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<h2 id="Generateur-de-simleys">Generateur de simleys<a class="anchor-link" href="#Generateur-de-simleys">&#182;</a></h2><p>Pour ce projet, nous allons programmer un générateur de smileys. Nous allons définir quelquels éléments de ce smiley et l'ordinateur choisira aléatoirement parmi ces éléments pour créer le smiley.</p>
<p>Voici les éléments du smiley.</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">LISTE_CHAPEAU</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">u&quot; </span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s"> _===_&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot; ___ </span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s"> .....&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot; _ </span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s"> /_\ &quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot; ___ </span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s"> (_*_)&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">LISTE_NEZ</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">u&quot;,&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;.&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;_&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">LISTE_OEIL</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">u&quot;.&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;o&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;O&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;-&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">LISTE_GAUCHE_CORPS_HAUT</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">u&quot; &quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">LISTE_GAUCHE_CORPS_BAS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">u&quot;&lt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">LISTE_DROITE_CORPS_HAUT</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">u&quot; &quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">LISTE_DROITE_CORPS_BAS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">u&quot;&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">LISTE_TORSE</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">u&quot; : &quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;] [&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;&gt; &lt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">LISTE_BASE</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">u&quot; : &quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;&quot; &quot;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;___&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>
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<li><p>Le programme qui séléctionnera aléatoirement des éléments pour construire un smiley de ce type:</p>
<pre><code> _
/_\
(o O)
&lt;( : )
(" ") </code></pre>
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<h2 id="Polynome-du-2nd-degre">Polynome du 2nd degre<a class="anchor-link" href="#Polynome-du-2nd-degre">&#182;</a></h2><p>On veut écrire un programme qui manipule les polynomes du 2nd degré qui l'on améliorera petit à petit.</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Écrire un programme qui demande les valeurs de <code>a</code>, <code>b</code> et <code>c</code> (les coefficients du polynome) et renvoie les racines du polynôme $ax^2 + bx + c$</p>
<pre><code> Valeur de a?
4
Valeur de b?
4
Valeur de c?
1
Delta = 0, il y a une racine:
x = 0.5</code></pre>
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<li><p>On veut maintenant améliorer notre programme pour qu'il donne le tableau de signe du polynôme.</p>
<pre><code> Valeur de a?
4
Valeur de b?
4
Valeur de c?
1
Delta = 0, il y a une racine:
x = 0.5
Comme a = 4 donc le tableau de signe est
-------------------------
x | -inf 0.5 +inf
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P | + 0 +
-----------------------------</code></pre>
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<h2 id="Chiffrement-de-Cesar">Chiffrement de Cesar<a class="anchor-link" href="#Chiffrement-de-Cesar">&#182;</a></h2><p>Le chiffrement de César, utilisé par Jules César pour transmettre des messages secrets dans l’Antiquité, consiste décaler les lettres dans l'alphabet pour écrire un message.</p>
<p>Voici un exemple avec un décalage de 4</p>
<pre><code> message &gt;&gt;&gt; bonjour
chiffré &gt;&gt;&gt; fsrnsyv
</code></pre>
<p>Le <code>b</code> devient <code>f</code>, <code>o</code> devient <code>s</code> etc...</p>
<ul>
<li>Avec un crayon et du papier chiffrer <code>bonjour</code> avec un décalage de 6.</li>
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<p>Python est plus fort pour manipuler les nombres que les lettres. Il faudra donc commencer par transformer les lettres en nombre (on appelle cela <strong>encoder</strong>). Il existe une fonction faite pour ça: <code>ord</code></p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">codage_a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">ord</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;a&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">codage_a</span>
<span class="n">codage_b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">ord</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;b&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">codage_b</span>
<span class="n">codage_A</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">ord</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;A&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">codage_A</span>
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<pre>97
98
65
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<p>Pour faire la transformation inverse, on utilisera la fonction <code>chr</code></p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">lettre_100</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">chr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">lettre_100</span>
<span class="n">lettre_43</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">chr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">43</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">lettre_43</span>
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<pre>d
+
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<p>Vous retrouverez tous les caractères et leurs nombres <a href="http://www.asciitable.com/">ici</a>. On peut remarquer qu'il y en a 256 (souvenez en vous on s'en servira plus tard)</p>
<p>Il faut donc transformer le message en liste de nombre. Pour cela on utilisera des <a href="#Boucle-for">Boucles for</a>:</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">message</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Bonjour&quot;</span>
<span class="n">message_code</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span> <span class="c">#le message codé est pour le moment une liste vide</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">lettre</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">message</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;la lettre &quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">lettre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;est transformée en le nombre&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">ord</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lettre</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">message_code</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">ord</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lettre</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c">#append signifie ajouter en anglais</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">message_code</span>
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<pre>la lettre B est transformée en le nombre 66
la lettre o est transformée en le nombre 111
la lettre n est transformée en le nombre 110
la lettre j est transformée en le nombre 106
la lettre o est transformée en le nombre 111
la lettre u est transformée en le nombre 117
la lettre r est transformée en le nombre 114
[66, 111, 110, 106, 111, 117, 114]
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<p>Il faut maintenant décaler tous ces nombres</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">message_decale</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="n">decalage</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">6</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">message_code</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">message_decale</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">decalage</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="k">256</span>)
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">message_decale</span>
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<pre>[72, 117, 116, 112, 117, 123, 120]
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<p>Le <code>%256</code> est là pour être sûr qu'aucun nombre ne dépasse 255. Si un nombre dépasse 255, on recommence par 0 (par exemple 259 devient 3 c'est le reste de la division euclidienne de 259 par 256)</p>
<p>Il faut maintenant décodé le <code>message_decale</code> pour avoir à nouveau des lettres</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">message_chiffre</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">message_decale</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">message_chiffre</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">chr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">message_chiffre</span>
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<pre>[&apos;H&apos;, &apos;u&apos;, &apos;t&apos;, &apos;p&apos;, &apos;u&apos;, &apos;{&apos;, &apos;x&apos;]
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<p>Ensuite on lie toutes les lettres pour en faire un seul mot</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">message_chiffre</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">message_chiffre</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># join en anglais signifie joindre</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">message_chiffre</span>
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<pre>Hutpu{x
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<p>Voila votre programme sais chiffrer des messages.</p>
<ul>
<li>Écrire un programme qui sais déchiffrer les messages.</li>
<li>Pour améliorer votre programme, on peut utiliser des <a href="#fonction">fonctions</a>.</li>
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<hr>
<h2 id="input">input<a class="anchor-link" href="#input">&#182;</a></h2><p>Contrairement à ce que l'on a fait hier on ne met plus rien dans les parenthèses d'un <code>input</code>.</p>
<p><code>input()</code> est une commande qui va demander à l'utilisateur une information</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;Comment t&#39;appelles tu?&quot;</span>
<span class="n">nom</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;Ah! Tu t&#39;appelles&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nom</span>
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<pre>Comment t&apos;appelles tu?
&quot;plop&quot;
Ah! Tu t&apos;appelles plop
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<p>Après avoir afficher la question, l'ordinateur se met en pose et attend que l'utilisateur réponde quelque chose. Une fois que l'utilisateur a répondu (a appuyé sur <code>entrer</code>) la réponse est stocké, ici, dans la variable <code>nom</code>.</p>
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<h2 id="Condition-if">Condition if<a class="anchor-link" href="#Condition-if">&#182;</a></h2><p>Pour différencier plusieurs cas, on utilisera la commande <code>if</code> (si), <code>elif</code> (sinon si) et <code>else</code> (sinon).</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;a plus grand que b&quot;</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;a est égal à b&quot;</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;a est plus petit que b&quot;</span>
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<pre>a est plus petit que b
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<h2 id="Boucles-for">Boucles for<a class="anchor-link" href="#Boucles-for">&#182;</a></h2><p>Les boucles <strong>for</strong> permettent de répéter un certain nombre de fois la même action.</p>
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<li>Ajouter 5 fois 100 d'affilé</li>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;Au debut a vaut&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">100</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;a vaut maintenant&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;Finalement a vaut&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span>
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<pre>Au debut a vaut 2
a vaut maintenant 102
a vaut maintenant 202
a vaut maintenant 302
a vaut maintenant 402
a vaut maintenant 502
Finalement a vaut 502
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<li>On peut aussi parcourir les lettres d'un mot ou d'une phrase</li>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">phrase</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;boujour toi&quot;</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;On enumere &gt;&gt;&gt; &quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">phrase</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">l</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">phrase</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">l</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;Toutes les lettres ont été énumérées&quot;</span>
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<pre>On enumere &gt;&gt;&gt; boujour toi
b
o
u
j
o
u
r
t
o
i
Toutes les lettres ont été énumérées
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<li>Ou encore tous les éléments d'une liste</li>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">liste</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;premier element&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;coucou&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;aie&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;On enumère &gt;&gt;&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">liste</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">liste</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">i</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;Tout a été énuméré&quot;</span>
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<pre>On enumère &gt;&gt;&gt; [&apos;premier element&apos;, 2, &apos;coucou&apos;, 1, &apos;aie&apos;, 0]
premier element
2
coucou
1
aie
0
Tout a été énuméré
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<h2 id="Boucles-while">Boucles while<a class="anchor-link" href="#Boucles-while">&#182;</a></h2><p>En anglais, <code>while</code> signifie <strong>tant que</strong>. On l'utilisera quand on veut refaire quelque plusieurs fois <strong>tant que</strong> quelque chose n'est pas vrais.</p>
<p>Ajouter 3 <strong>tant que</strong> que <code>u</code> n'a pas dépassé 19:</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">u</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">u</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">19</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">u</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">u</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">u</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;u a depassé 50 et vaut&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">u</span>
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<pre>5
8
11
14
17
20
u a depassé 50 et vaut 20
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<p>Poser toujours la même question quand que l'utilisateur n'a pas bien répondu:</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">aPasTrouve</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">True</span> <span class="c"># True signifie vrai en anglais.</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">aPasTrouve</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;Quelle est la couleur du cheval blanc d&#39;Henri 4?&quot;</span>
<span class="n">rep</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">rep</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&quot;blanc&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;Bravo!&quot;</span>
<span class="n">aPasTrouve</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">False</span> <span class="c"># False signifie faux en anglais</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;Non! Recommence!&quot;</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&quot;Voila tu as réussi!&quot;</span>
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<pre>Quelle est la couleur du cheval blanc d&apos;Henri 4?
&quot;bleu&quot;
Non! Recommence!
Quelle est la couleur du cheval blanc d&apos;Henri 4?
&quot;jaune&quot;
Non! Recommence!
Quelle est la couleur du cheval blanc d&apos;Henri 4?
&quot;blanc&quot;
Bravo!
Voila tu as réussi!
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<h2 id="Fonction">Fonction<a class="anchor-link" href="#Fonction">&#182;</a></h2>
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